DIGIT: An In Situ Experiment for Studying the Diffusion of Water and Solutes under Thermal Gradient in the Toarcian Clay Rock at the Tournemire Underground Research Laboratory: Part 1Go - Goals, Scoping Calculations, Installation and First Results under Unheated Conditions
Résumé
The DIGIT experiment was launched at the Tournemire Underground Research Laboratory
URL with the aim of determining the effects of temperature on the transfer of analogues of most
mobile radionuclides (i.e., 36Cl, 129I and 79Se) in the Toarcian clay rock, the properties of which are
close to host rocks being considered for future deep geological disposal of high-level (HL) radioactive
wastes. The experimental principle involves the monitoring of an exchange between a test water
traced with stable halides and deuterium at constant concentration and the porewater of the Toarcian
clay rock submitted to various temperatures. This experiment seeks to partially address questions
regarding the potential spread of contaminants during the thermal phase of High Level Waste
(HLW) waste packages. Specifically, the in situ experiment aims to evaluate the role of scale effects
and thermodiffusion, a process that combines Fick’s law and the Soret effect, in the transfer of
radionuclides. This paper presents the first steps of the study, including the scoping calculations, the
experimental set-up and the first results obtained during the unheated phase. The study started with
the acquisition of the initial parameters, including the rock thermal properties, the concentrations of
the four tracers (chloride, bromide, iodide and deuterium) naturally present in the clay porewater and
their diffusive transport parameters by using four diffusion exchange techniques (phase 0). A model
coupling heat and mass transfers was then developed using Comsol Multiphysics®, integrating data
acquired so far with existing literature data. A test water with a tracer concentration around 1000
times higher than those in the pore water was proposed with a temperature imposed at the test
section wall of 70 ◦C. A large test zone of 50 cm height and 1 m in diameter and installed in a 3 m
deep vertical well located in a sound zone at the URL was then proposed. The installation of the
experiments required the realization of one shaft and of nine peripheral boreholes for the monitoring
of temperature, water pressure and deformation. The experiment started with phase 1, involving a
traced, unheated water start-up for a period of 5 months. Then, a core sampling was conducted in the
emptied well, and the same diffusion exchange techniques were applied. The results of anionic tracers
were compared to simulations based on initial parameters (phase 0), revealing that tracer penetration
at the end of phase 1 exceeded simulated values by approximately 2 cm. This result is interpreted as
an increase in the accessible porosity to tracers, possibly due to the excavation damaged zone. Future
simulations should incorporate these adjusted diffusive transport parameters. Following phase 1, the
heating system was activated, applying a temperature of 70 ◦C to the test zone. New data will enable
the comparison of tracer penetration and assess the actual impact of temperature on tracer transfer.
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